Glossary

0-9

10-bit word: SDI is a 10-bit word.

15: There are 15 vertical lines of closed captions allowed in CEA 608 and 708.

1993: Congress mandates that, beginning in 1993, all color TVs (13-inch and larger) must include closed-caption decoders by law.

1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996: Federal closed captioning laws were established under the Telecom Act. The FCC set timelines for broadcasters, cable, and satellite distributors to close caption new and pre-existing television programs. The schedule distinguished between “new” programming (analog programming first shown after January 1, 1998, and digital programming first shown after July 1, 2002), and “pre-rule” programming (analog and digital programming first shown prior to such dates). In addition, there was a separate schedule for Spanish-language programming.

21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA): Must caption online content that broadcast with closed captions.

32: # of characters per line of closed captions in CEA-608.

3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project is an umbrella term for a number of standards organizations which develop protocols for mobile telecommunications.

GSM and related 2G and 2.5G standards, including GPRS and EDGE
UMTS and related 3G standards, including HSPA and HSPA+
LTE and related 4G standards, including LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro
5G NR and related 5G standards, including 5G-Advanced
An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access independent manner

42: # of characters per line of closed captions in CEA-608.

47 CFR § 79.1: Closed captioning of televised video programming. Caption quality rules.

504 sit-ins: April 5th, 1977 The 504 sit-ins took place. Led by Judy Heumann, the San Francisco sit-in was the longest occupation of a federal building in U.S. history. Section 504 of the The Rehabilitation Act (1973) said that no person should be “excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination” under any program receiving Federal dollars.

708: The 708 CDP has a DID SDID of 6101.

708 Fonts: 8 font tags: undefined, monospaced serif, proportional serif, monospaced sans serif, proportional sans serif, casual, cursive, small capitals. “undefined” is not defined and should probably be avoided.

However, once these fonts are implemented, it should be possible to underline them, and italicize them.

Bold versions are not needed, but it should be possible to draw the outline of each letter in a different color and opacity than the fill.

Allow superscripts, subscripts, and support Latin-1, plus the additional symbols in CEA-708, such as the [CC] symbol and the dozen or so Unicode characters in this standard.

8-bit word: ATSC 1.0 Ancillary data is an 8-bit word that gets packaged into SDI, which is a 10-bit word.

8K viewing distance: 3/4 frame high.

98.6% accurate: When the FCC was researching accuracy standards for closed captioning, one of the numbers bandied about was “98.6% verbatim accuracy for live programming.”

The FCC might have been gotten “98.6% accurate” from the U.S. House of Representatives. The U.S. House of Representatives provides real-time verbatim closed-captioning of televised proceedings. The RFP calls for the contractor to provide full-time, gavel-to-gavel closed captioning services at an accuracy rate of 98.6% or higher at the average rate of 225 to 250 words per minute for live broadcast.

99% accurate: There is a myth that the FCC requires closed captions to be 99% accurate. The FCC does not actually define how accurate closed captions must be. Instead, the FCC explains what features quality closed captions need to have. “99% accurate” comes from an example that the FCC provided in 47 CFR 79.1(k)(2)(iv) for how to calculate the WER or NER % accuracy of closed captions.

Curiously, the 99% example is listed under “(2) Real-Time (Live) Captioning Vendors Best Practices.“

It is nearly impossible for a human live captioner or AI to close caption that accurately in real time.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-79/subpart-A/section-79.1#p-79.1(k)(2)(iv)

47 CFR 79.1(k)(2)(iv)
(2) Real-Time (Live) Captioning Vendors Best Practices.
(iv) Consider “accuracy” of captions to be a measurement of the percentage of correct words out of total words in the program, calculated by subtracting number of errors from total number of words in the program, dividing that number by total number of words in the program and converting that number to a percentage. For example, 7,000 total words in the program minus 70 errors equals 6,930 correct words captioned, divided by 7,000 total words in the program equals 0.99 or 99% accuracy.

A /343: ATSC 3.0 “CAPTIONS AND SUBTITLES” https://www.atsc.org/atsc-documents/a3432017-atsc-standard-captions-subtitles/

A/300: A/300 is the parent standard of ATSC 3.0. It covers all aspects of the transmission and reception process.

A/321: The bootstrap, which is the receiver’s entry pont into the signal.

A/331: In ATSC 3.0, A/331 describes the low-level signaling tables that announce the contents of your broadcast. Each table announces something different about the broadcast. Ex: AEAT, or Advanced Emergency Alert Table.

A/334: A334 is the audio watermark of emission standard.

A/335: A335, the video watermark admission specification. https://www.atsc.org/atsc-documents/A/3352016-video-watermark-emission/

A/336: A336 for content recovery. This is sort of the back channel 344, which is interactive content. CTA has also endorsed this for the TV manufacturers.

A344: Used for Verance watermarking. A/344:2019 Amendment No. 2, JSON RPC Cancel Request API Addition. APIs and schema repository for JSON calls.

AC-3: Dolby Digital AC-3 is used as the DTV / ATSC 1.0 audio codec, though it was standardized as A/52 by the ATSC. It allows the transport of up to five channels of sound with a sixth channel for low-frequency effects (the so-called Dolby “5.1” configuration).

AC-4: In ATSC 3.0, Dolby AC-4 is structured as frames.

ADB: ADB is Application Discovery Over Broadband; Used by HbbTV.

Advanced User Control Interface: Effective January 1, 2014, all online video programming distributors (VPDs) must comply with the advanced closed captioning standard CEA-708. (delayed from original date of 9/30/12.
Online video of full-length programming that previously aired on television must to implement a more advanced user control interface that gives users the ability to control font type, font size, font and background color, opacity, window color, and character edge style (drop shadow, raised, depressed).

AEAT: In ATSC 3.0, the Advanced Emergency Alert Table

AFD: Active Format Description. Carried within the VANC.

ALP: In ATSC 3.0, the ATSC 3 Link Layer Protocol which is used to encapsulate the IP packets that make up your broadcast.

Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA): July 26, 1990. Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
Title II: State and Local Governments
Title III: Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities
An equal opportunity law for people with disabilities. Modeled after the Civil Rights Act (1964), it affirms and protects the rights of those with disabilities in regards to employment, government services, and other aspects of public life.

broadcast engineer: Broadcast engineers provide technical support to broadcast facilities in the repair, maintenance, design, and modification of technical broadcasting equipment. They work primarily in television and radio production and are also responsible for the broadcast transmission of TV and radio RF signals to the viewer or listeners receiver. Broadcast production and delivery equipment is software running on servers that are connected on an IP network. A broadcast engineer must have some knowledge of IP networking and security. Broadcast signals are transmitted from the studio or master control to the transmitter site via both fiber circuits and RF paths.

CCD: Closed Caption Data. Carried within the VANC.

CEA 708: CEA-708 captions can’t be modulated on an ATSC receiver’s NTSC VBI line 21 composite output. Receiver must be pre-render with the digital video frames. Includes more of the Latin-1 character set, and includes stubs to support full UTF-32 captions, and downloadable fonts.

CEA-708 caption streams can encapsulate EIA-608 byte pairs internally, a fairly common usage.

CEA-708 captions are injected into MPEG-2 video streams in the picture user data. The packets are in picture order, and must be rearranged just like picture frames are. This is known as the DTVCC Transport Stream.

It is a fixed-bandwidth channel that has 960 bit/s typically allocated for backward compatible “encapsulated” Line 21 captions, and 8640 bit/s allocated for CEA-708 captions, for a total of 9600 bit/s. The ATSC A/53 Standard contains the encoding specifics.

The main form of signalling is via a PSIP caption descriptor which indicates the language of each caption and if formatted for “easy reader” (3rd grade level for language learners) in the PSIP EIT on a per event basis and optionally in the H.222 PMT only if the video always sends caption data.

CGMS-A: Copy Generation Management System – Analog is copy protection for analog television signals. It consists of a waveform inserted into the non-picture vertical blanking interval (VBI) of an analog video signal. If a compatible recording device (for example, a DVD recorder) detects this waveform, it may block or restrict recording of the video content.

It is not the same as the broadcast flag, which is designed for use in digital television signals, although the concept is the same. (Source: Wikipedia)

Cinema viewing distance: Less than or equal to 2.7 x.

Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987: March 22, 1988. Disability activists worked with coalitions representing women’s and minority groups to advocate for The Civil Rights Restoration Act. Despite a presidential veto, the Act increased the reach of anti-discrimination laws for organizations receiving Federal funding.

closed caption special characters: In CEA 608 and 708 closed captions, you can use the following ASCII special characters: á é í ó ú à è ì ò ù ä ë ï ö ü â ê î ô û ç ã ñ õ å ¿ ¡ ¢ £ ¥ © ® ™ ° ß §

CPC (Computer Prompting & Captioning Co. ): Early closed caption authoring software for Windows (CaptionMaker) and for Mac (MacCaption) that became the industry standard. Jason Livingston. Purchased by Telestream in 2015.

Cross Pole: A satellite has odd and even numbered transponders, that increase available bandwidth by alternating horizontal and vertical polarities. Satellite transponders are in an arc across the sky, running along the Clark Belt, orbiting at 22,300 miles from earth. Their H and V orientation changes slightly from satellite to satellite. Cross pole is where the uplink operator adjusts the fine orientation of his antenna to match the satellite. This is done by rotating the receive satellite’s feed horn.

CTA R4 WG3: R4 WG3 develops CTA Standards, Bulletins and test materials related to ATSC 608 / 708 closed captioning.

CTA R4 WG3 — CTA- CEB 32.7: Project Description: Develop ar recommended practice for ATSC 3.0 Television Sets, Captions and Subtitles. This project was offically moved from R4WG18 to R4WG3 on 6/29/19. During the 5/12/20 meeting R4 reached consensus to cancel the project for CEB32.7 (not viewed as necessary because CEB35 and various CEB32.x docs). https://standards.cta.tech/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=335

CTA R4 WG3 R04 WG03 Television Data Systems: R4 WG3 develops CTA Standards, Bulletins and test materials related to ATSC closed captioning. https://standards.cta.tech/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=663

CTA R4 WG3 R04 WG19 Accessibility: R4 WG19 addresses standards and bulletins related to accessibility.

CTA R4WG3 – CTA-CEB35: R4WG3 – CTA-CEB35, Recommendations for User Overrides for Closed Caption Decoders, which defines preferences is of how you set up your remote control. Create a recommended practice for mapping caption attributes that relate to user preference overrides among the 608, 708, and IMSC1 formats. https://standards.cta.tech/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=549

CTA Standards: https://standards.cta.tech/apps/group_public/

CTA-931-C S-2017: Remote Control Command Pass-through Standard for Home Networking.

CVAA: Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (CVAA) requires that
online video that previously aired on television have captioning “of at least the same quality as when such
programs are shown on television.” CVAA Adopted: February 20, 2014. CVAA enforcement started January 15th, 2015. Document FCC 14-12

diffuse white light: matte.

DTV Transport Channel: The EIA 708 transport channel carries the complete CEA 608 payload and the 708 DTV CC payload.

DUT: Device Under Test.

Easy Reader Captions: 3rd grade level for language learners.

EDID: Extended Display Identification Data is a 256 byte hex dump. There is a parsing table provided with the device.

EEG HD-490 Dial Up Encoder: DEVICE SETTINGS: Smart Encoder Emulation: EEG EN480 (EEG or Smart Encoder emulation is fine); port speed: 1200; data protocol: Standard EC; compression: enabled; flow control: hardware; data bits: 7; parity: odd; stop bits: 1; modulation: standard.

Electronic Newsroom Technique (ENT): A captioning shortcut where the contents of the news rundown used instead of hiring a live captioner or using a speech-to-text captioning service. The rundown script (and sometimes production source switching instructions) is loaded on the teleprompter. And the teleprompter text is fed into the captioning encoder. There FCC has detailed rules for Electronic Newsroom Technique complaint process, and there’s a separate complaint enforcement process. Electronic Newsroom Technique (ENT) closed captions are not verbatim so they have an accuracy deficit. Live field reports, edited packaged stories, breaking news, and sports and weather updates may not be captioned.

End of Religious Exemption: October 20, 2011 End of Religious Exemption. Telecom Act of 1996 established Federal closed captioning laws for broadcasters, cable, and satellite distributors.
But churches were granted FCC exemptions from the closed captioning requirement under a 2006 commission decision known as the “Anglers Order” for the Anglers for Christ Ministries program that got an exemption from the rules.
Deaf advocacy groups said that the FCC erred when it granted the exemptions en masse, creating a virtual blanket exemption for nonprofit organizations.
The FCC overturned that decision on Oct. 20, 2011, requiring religious organizations to comply with the same captioning laws as other media publishers.
Click to access FCC-11-159A1.pdf

Fairness Doctrine: Introduced by the FCC in 1949. It requires broadcasters to devote equal time to controversial issues of public importance and to give those with opposing views time to air them.

FCC 47 C.F.R. § 79.1(j)(2): the caption quality standards: complete; accurate; positioned to avoid covering text, faces, or other relevant info; synchronous with the audio. “When it is said, it is read.”

gateway / scheduler: In ATSC 3.0, it generates the studio-to-transmitter link protocol or STL-TP that drives your STL and ultimately drives your exciter.

H.262: H-262 is the stack number for MPEG-2, which was deployed in 1994; H262. ITU Recommendations are assigned letters and numbers; so every recommendation that starts with H. is in a similar area (audiovisual/multimedia). http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-h

H.264: H-264 is the stack number for the Advanced Video Codec (AVC), introduced around 2004; H264. ITU Recommendations are assigned letters and numbers; so every recommendation that starts with H. is in a similar area (audiovisual/multimedia). http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-h

H.265: H-265 is the stack number for HEVC, introduced in 2013; H265. ITU Recommendations are assigned letters and numbers; so every recommendation that starts with H. is in a similar area (audiovisual/multimedia). http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-h; HEVC is 1/4 the bitrate of MPEG-2 or 1/2 the bitrate of HEVC for the same picture quality.

H.266: H-266 is the stack number for Versatile Video Coding (VVC), which was released in 2020. Also known as H266 and MPEG-I Part 3.

HANC: Horizontal ANCillary data.

HbbTV: Hybrid broadcast broadband TV. Europe.

HDCP: High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection is copy-protection to prevent capturing digital content from the source to the display. HDCP protects digital signals when using a Digital Video Interface (DVI) and High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI).

HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface. The first uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. It’s an interface between any audio/video source, such as a Set Top Box, DVD player, or A/V receiver and an audio and/or video monitor, such as a DTV.

HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video, plus multi-channel digital audio on a single cable. It transmits all ATSC HDTV standards and supports 8-channel digital audio, with bandwidth to spare.

HDMI is a compact interface for transferring uncompressed digital audio and video from an HDMI source to an HDMI receiver. HDMI can be used for any types of video formats from Standard Def up to 4k using conventional connectors. It can also support up to 8 channels of compressed or uncompressed audio.

HDR viewing distance: Less than or equal to 100 x.

hex dump: Analyzing the download of hexadecimal codes of that user data field and the actual commands being sent to display the data to clear windows, to set the text, to set the colors, to do everything, Use if you want to troubleshoot why captions are getting garbled and actually look at the captions coming in and the commands being sent.

IMSC 1.0 P ID=: [profile fragment identifier]A fragment identifier used to label or reference an internally defined profile, where internal refers to being internal to a document instance.

Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA): November 27, 1975. The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) requires that all eligible children with disabilities must receive a “free appropriate public education” (FAPE) in the “least restrictive setting.” It affects which accomodations students with learning disabilities and other disabilities may receive via a 504 plan or an IEP.

IP Delivered Video Clips CC: January 1, 2016. IP Delivered Video Clips CC. The FCC requires “Closed Captioning of IP Delivered Video Clips.” The FCC’s IP rules only apply to video clips if the associated video programming was shown on television with captions.
The ruling does not extend to video clips that were in distributors’ online video libraries before the
effective date. It does, however, impose the same caption quality standards that apply to full-length programming, which follow CVAA broadcast quality standards.
Three deadlines.
https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-requires-closed-captioning-ip-delivered-video-clips

IP Delivered Video Clips CC Upload Deadline: July 1, 2017 IP Delivered Video Clips CC
https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-requires-closed-captioning-ip-delivered-video-clips
“Closed Captioning of IP Delivered Video Clips.” Time sensitive video clips must be captioned, including live and near-live programming. Live programming has a 12 hour grace period after the clip appears on TV before the clip must be captioned online; near-live programming has an 8 hour grace period.

Kubernetes: An open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Originally designed by Google, the project is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation. The name Kubernetes originates from Greek, meaning ‘helmsman’ or ‘pilot’.

Lechner Distance: Bernard Lechner conducted a survey to determine the distance to sit back from the TV for optimal viewing.

Left Justified: Live roll up displayed closed captions are left justified.

Line 9: In DTV, closed captions are on line 9 of the VANC.

Link Dial Up Encoder: Terminal Emulation: port speed: 1200; data protocol: Standard; EC compession: enabled flow control; hardware data bits: 8; parity: none; stop bits: 1; modulation: standard.

MCC: MCC closed caption file format is designed by CPC (Computer Prompting & Captioning Co. Now owned by Telestream) to contain both CEA-608 data for NTSC standard definition video (29.97fps) and CEA-708 data for Digital Television.
The captions data is rendered according to CEA-708.1 standard which allows encoding 3D information with the caption services. As 3D is not supported by legacy CEA-608 captions the export options are limited to export only CEA-708 compliant captions.
MCC CEA-708 EXPORT SCRIPT INFO
Version- MCC v. 1.0 – supports 24, 25, 30, 30 DF, 50, 60 frame rates. MCC v. 2.0 – also includes support for 60 DF (59.94fps).
Language- Allows you to specify the closed captions language considering that only Latin languages are supported.
Code Page- By specifications Unicode encoding is supported. However we suggest the files to be encoded in ANSI 1252.
Type- The CEA-708.1 standard supports 3D captions, 3D captions are not supported by the CEA-608, and for this reason the export option is limited to export only CEA-708 compliant captions.
Write empty frames- Empty packets are inserted for the frames that contain no captions data. The exported file will contain packets for every video frame.
Compact Packages- According to the MCC specification a simple character compression could be applied.
708 OPTIONS
Font 1/2- Allows you to select one of the 8 available font styles as defined by the specifications. Their size can be changed from the associated drop-down to the right. By choosing the Default option, the closed captions will be displayed with the Default font used by the viewer’s decoder when displayed on screen. Otherwise, selecting a specific font, will overwrite the viewer’s default choice for preview font.
Use Fade- When clicked Fade effect will be applied to the captions – it causes the window to fade onto and off of the screen at the specified effect speed. The fade speed can be adjusted from the drop-down to the right.
Force Text Color- Changes the color of all captions with the one selected on the color palette to the right. Please mind that you can choose between 64 colors only. They are defined by the CEA-708 specifications.
Force Alignment- Changes the alignment of all captions with the one selected on the drop-down to the right.
Force Boxed Subtitles- Allows you to change the Box Type (Boxed, Block Boxed), Box Color and Opacity of all captions in the file.

MIMO: (Multiple Input Multiple Output); one of three transmission frame types (SISO, MISO, MIMO).

MIMO improves system robustness via additional spatial diversity (two transmit and two receive antennas). The spatial diversity is often combined with polarization diversity (Hpol and Vpol, for example).

MIMO is an optional transmission mode that requires
additional MIMO-enabled transmission equipment and receivers.

The optional MIMO block’s output passes to a Time Interleaver to spread the payload over time to mitigate time-based channel impairments. For a single PLP configuration, the payload can be spread over a certain period.

For multiple PLPs, a hybrid convolutional/block-type interleaving is used. There is a finite memory/time limit for all types of interleaving. This fact constrains the length of time for interleaving.

Source: Pearl’s Host Station Manual by Dave Folsom.

MP4: In ATSC 3.0, this is the container used for audio, video, and captions.

Music Note: ♪ Eighth Note or “Quaver”. ASCII Alt + 9834. Often incorrectly parsed when broadcast closed captions are converted to OTT closed captions/ subtitles.

OTT CEA-708 Advanced User Interface: January 1, 2014 OTT must comply with CEA-708 format and provide an Advanced User Interface.

All online video programming distributors (VPDs) must comply with the advanced closed captioning standard for DTV, CEA-708.

FCC requires online video of full-length programming that previously aired on television to implement the standards of a more advanced user control interface.

If the VPD uses an application or plug-in to display programming, users should have the ability to control font type, font size, font and background color, opacity, window color, and character edge style (drop shadow, raised, depressed). Users can customize captions’ appearance.
Click to access DA-12-1354A1.pdf

Progressive segmented Frame (PsF, sF, SF): A scheme designed to acquire, store, modify, and distribute progressive scan video using interlaced equipment.

public broadcasting: In 1952, the FCC sets aside channels for non-commercial, public broadcasting.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Section 504
Section 508

RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indication. In ATSC 3.0, A minimum RSSI of -40 dBm is required for adequate video quality of Over-The-Air ATSC 3.0. RSSI is an indication of the power level being received by the receiving radio after the antenna or cable loss. Therefore, the greater the RSSI value, the stronger the signal. Thus, when an RSSI value is represented in a negative form (e.g. −100), the closer the value is to 0, the stronger the received signal.

SDR viewing distance: Less than or equal to 1.25 x.

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Requires federally funded organizations to caption public video content at the level of WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA.

September, 26, 1973 The Rehabilitation Act (1973): Section 504 of The Rehabilitation Act banned discrimination on the basis of disability for organizations that received Federal funds. Modeled after the Civil Rights Act (1964), the law not only brought significant legal change, but it also served as a public acknowledgement of the discrimination and prejudice expressed towards those with disabilities in the United States.

SHVC: SHVC is an HEVC Scalability Extension. SHVC supports spatial, SNR, and color gamut scalability. Used as a 540p mobile enhancement layer for ATSC 3.0.

It is designed as a high-level syntax-only extension to reuse existing decoder components. SHVC is included in the second version of HEVC, finalized in October 2014.

SLP: In ATSC 3.0, the SLP will show all the services.

SLS: In ATSC 3.0, the SLT points to the SLS or Server Layer Signaling, which provides the detail needed to render the service.

SLT: In ATSC 3.0, the Service Layer Tables contain plain old TV channels, an Electronic Service Guide, potentially a broadband service or a datacast service. The SLT points to the SLS.

SMPTE 291m: Describes the details of Ancillary data packet structures, including Closed Caption Data (CCD) and Active Format Description (AFD) within the VANC.

SMPTE 310M: This 2010 standard describes the physical interface and modulation characteristics for a synchronous serial interface to carry MPEG-2 transport bit streams at rates up to 40 Mbps. It is a point-to-point interface for a low-noise environment, i.e. a noise level that would corrupt no more than one MPEG-2 data packet per day at the transport clock rate. When other transmission systems (e.g., studio-to-transmitter microwave links, etc.) are interposed between devices employing SMPTE 310M, higher noise levels may be encountered necessitating Forward Error Correction. The “M” designator was originally introduced to signify metric dimensions. It is no longer used in listings or filenames.

SMPTE 333: The carriage of DTVCC over serial data links.

SMPTE 334 DTVCC: DTVCC Packet (cc_data_1/cc_data_2)

Within the packet_data, there is only one type of packet. This is known as the Service Block.

This further subdivides the DTVCC Transport Stream into 63 substreams, each of which describes a discrete captioning service.

Service 1 is designated as the Primary Caption Service, while Service 2 is the Secondary Language Service.

The Caption Descriptor describes any other services offered. packet_size defines the number of two byte blocks that follow with odd blocks padded with a NULL byte.

SMPTE 334-1 is the transport for distribution of DTVCC within the broadcast plant. Method of embedding DTVCC and other data services in the vertical ancillary (VANC) data space of video signals, thus conforming with
SMPTE 292 high-definition serial digital interface (HD-SDI)
[HD-SDI is bit-serial component 1080 or 720 line television signals]
or
SMPTE 259M serial digital interface (SDI).
[bit-serial component 525-line television signals]

The carriage of DTVCC over serial data links in accordance with SMPTE 333 or RP 2007 is also included, together with arrangements for distributing caption service information.

specular light: light shiny spot.

StreamText.Net: The StreamText realtime text player integrates with web-based applications. The player is easily embedded into almost any web page and is commonly used to provide caption support for web-based video or audio. Using an iframe, you can insert our player into almost any application. The StreamText player displays closed captions and closed caption settings controls on top of your video streaming in your own media player. //streamtext.net/

The Capital Crawl for the ADA ADAPT: March 12th, 1990. The Capital Crawl for the ADA ADAPT (Americans Disabled for Accessible Public Transit). members shed their mobility aids and crawled up the Capital Steps in the National Mall to pressure Congress to pass the Americans with Disabilities Act. The protest is a landmark day for disability activism.

The Communications Act of 1934: The Communications Act of 1934 ushers in an era of government regulation of television airwaves. The act stipulates that commercial television stations “operate in the public interest, convenience, and necessity.” The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is charged with the responsibility of enforcing the act.

The Congressional Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities: August 30, 1988. The Congressional Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities.
Congressman Major Owens established the Task Force in order to educate Congress and the public on discrimination against those with disabilities. The Task Force was made up of civilians and received no Federal funding. The Congressional Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities was created.

The Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990: Effective July 1, 1993, the TDCA of 1990 requires television receivers with picture screens 13 inches or larger to have built-in decoder circuitry designed to display closed captioned television transmissions. The FCC also applied this requirement to computers with television circuitry sold together with monitors that have viewable pictures at least 13 inches in diameter; to DTVs with screens measuring 7.8 inches vertically (equivalent to 13-inch diagonal analog screen); and to stand-alone DTV tuners and subscription TV set top boxes.

Title 47 CFR Part 79: Title 47 CFR § 79.1 Subpart A- Video Programming Owners, Providers, and Distributors
47 CFR Subpart A – Subpart A—Video Programming Owners, Providers, and Distributors
§ 79.1 Closed captioning of televised video programming.
§ 79.2 Accessibility of programming providing emergency information.
§ 79.3 Audio description of video programming.
§ 79.4 Closed captioning of video programming delivered using Internet protocol.

TTML 2/0: a text-only profile and an image-only profile. These profiles are intended to be used across subtitle and caption delivery applications worldwide, thereby simplifying interoperability, consistent rendering and conversion to other subtitling and captioning formats.
This specification improves on ttml-imsc1.1 by supporting contemporary practices, while retaining compatibility with ttml-imsc1.1 documents. Relative to ttml-imsc1.1, any addition or deprecation of features are summarized at § L. Summary of substantive changes. https://www.w3.org/TR/ttml-imsc1.2/

Ultech EDS400 Encoder: Emulation: Modem: 1200 baud 8-none-1

VANC: Vertical ANCillary data.

Wide Color Gamut (WCG): Increased color volume to allow 10 bit luma and color to better represent the pixels. The human eye is capable of seeing more shades of blue and green than current TVs can display. With WCG, NextGen TVs can display more colors in the blue and green color spaces.

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